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I. KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION
A. Knowledge Representation: General 1. Theory a. Brewer, W. F. (1987). Schemas versus mental models in human memory. In P. Morris (Ed.), Modelling cognition (pp. 187-197). Chichester: Wiley. b. Brewer, W. F. (1995). To assert that essentially all human knowledge and memory is represented in terms of stories is certainly wrong. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Ed.), Knowledge and memory: The real story. Advances in Social Cognition. Vol. 8 (pp. 109-119). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 2. Experiments a. Brewer, W. F., Perkins, S. & Choi, S. (in preparation). Mental models versus schemas in human memory. B. Schemas 1. Theory a. Brewer, W. F., & Nakamura, G. V. (1984). The nature and functions of schemas. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 119-160). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 2. Experiments a. Brewer, W. F., & Treyens, J. C. (1981). Role of schemata in memory for places. Cognitive Psychology, 13, 207-230. b. Brewer, W. F., & Tenpenny, P. (in preparation). The role of schemas in the recall and recognition of episodic information. c. Brewer, W. F., & Dupree, D. A. (in preparation). Schema acquisition: Episodic and generic memory for places. d. Brewer, W. F. (in preparation). Schema memory: Qualitative changes in memory for pictures. C. Mental Models 1. Theory a. Brewer, W. F., (in preparation). What are mental models? 2. Experiments a. Lichtenstein, E. H., & Brewer, W. F. (1980). Memory for goal-directed events. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 412-445. b. Brewer, W. F., & Dupree, D. A. (1983). Use of plan schemata in the recall and recognition of goal-directed actions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 117-129. D. Naive Theories a. Brewer, W. F., & Mishra, P. (submitted). The role of theories in the recall of text information. Brewer, W. F. (thinking about). Naive models of the natural world. E. Concepts a. Brewer, W. F. (1993). What are concepts? Issues of representation and ontology. In G. V. Nakamura, R. M. Taraban, & D. L. Medin (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 29): Categorization by humans and machines (pp. 495-533). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
II. STRUCTURE OF DISCOURSE
A. Stories 1. Theory a. Brewer, W. F. (1980). Literary theory, rhetoric, stylistics: Implications for psychology. In R. J. Spiro, B. C. Bruce, & W. F. Brewer (Eds.), Theoretical issues in reading comprehension (pp. 221-239). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. b. Brewer, W. F. (1982). Plan understanding, narrative comprehension, and story schemas. Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 262-264. c. Brewer, W. F., & Lichtenstein, E. H. (1982). Stories are to entertain: A structural-affect theory of stories. Journal of Pragmatics, 6, 473-486. d. Brewer, W. F. (1995). Discourse force and empirical studies of literature. In G. Rusch (Ed.), Empirical approaches to literature. (LUMIS Publications, Special Edition, Vol. VI, pp. 89-95). LUMIS Publications, Siegen, Germany. e. Brewer, W. F. (1995). The problem of rereading for theories of story enjoyment. In G. Rusch (Ed.), Empirical approaches to literature. (LUMIS Publications, Special Edition, Vol. VI, pp. 298-303). LUMIS Publications, Siegen, Germany. f. Brewer, W. F. (1996). The nature of narrative suspense and the problem of rereading. In P. Vorderer, H. J. Wulff, & M. Friedrichsen (Eds.), Suspense: Conceptualizations, theoretical analyses, and empirical explorations (pp. 107- 127). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. 2. Experiments a. Brewer, W.F., & Lichtenstein, E. H. (1981). Event schemas, story schemas, and story grammars. In J. Long & A. Baddeley (Eds.), Attention and performance IX (pp. 363-379). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. b. Brewer, W. F. (1996). Good and bad story endings and story completeness. In R. J. Kreuz & M. S. MacNealy (Eds.), Empirical approaches to literature and aesthetics (pp. 261-271). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. c. Brewer, W. F. (in press). Short story structure and affect: Evidence from cognitive psychology. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Short Story. d. Brewer, W. F., & Lichtenstein, E. H. (in preparation). An affective and structural theory of the reader's story schema. e. Brewer, W. F., & Lichtenstein, E. H. (in preparation). The descriptive adequancy of four classes of story theories. B. Stories: Acquisition 1. Experiments a. Jose, P. E., & Brewer, W. F. (1984). The development of story liking: Character identification, suspense, and outcome resolution. Developmental Psychology, 20, 911-924. b. Jose, P. E., & Brewer, W. F. (1990). Early grade school children's liking of script and suspense story structures. Journal of Reading Behavior, 22, 355-372. c. Brewer, W. F., & Hay, A. E. (in preparation). The acquisition of the story schema in young children. d. Dorfman, M., & Brewer, W. F. (in preparation). Understanding the points of stories: A developmental study. C. Stories: Cross-Cultural 1. Theory a. Brewer, W. F. (1985). The story schema: Universal and culture-specific properties. In D. R. Olson, N. Torrance, & A. Hildyard (Eds.), Literacy, language, and learning: The nature and consequences of reading and writing (pp. 167-194). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2. Experiments a. Brewer, W. F., & Ohtsuka, K. (1988). Story structure and reader affect in American and Hungarian short stories. In C. Martindale (Ed.), Psychological approaches to the study of literary narratives (pp. 133-158). Hamburg: Buske. b. Brewer, W. F., & Ohtsuka, K. (1988). Story structure, characterization, just world organization, and reader affect in American and Hungarian short stories. Poetics, 17, 395-415. c. Brewer, W. F. (1988). Imagery and text genre. Text, 8, 431-438. D. Discourse: Memory 1. Theory a. Brewer, W. F. (in press). To assert that essentially all human knowledge and memory is represented in terms of stories is certainly wrong. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Ed.), Knowledge and memory: The real story. Advances in Social Cognition. Vol. 8. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 2. Experiments a. Brewer, W. F., & Hay, A. E. (1984). Reconstructive recall of linguistic style. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 237-249. E. Discourse: Comprehension 1. Theory a. Bock, J. K., & Brewer, W. F. (1985). Discourse structure and mental models In T. H. Carr (Ed.), The development of reading skills. New directions in child development No. 27 (pp. 55-75). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 2. Experiments a. Ohtsuka, K., & Brewer, W. F. (1992). Discourse organization in the comprehen b. Dorfman, M. H., & Brewer, W. F. (1994). Understanding the points of fables, Discourse Processes, 17, 105-129 c. Brewer, W. F., Harris, R. J., & Brewer, E. F. (in preparation). Comprehension of literal and figurative meaning. d. Brewer, W. F. (in preparation). The linguistic descriptions of spatial locations. e. Brewer, W. F. (in preparation). Discourse organization in the comprehension of descriptive texts.
III. MEMORY
A. General 1. Theory a. Brewer, W. F., & Pani, J. R. (1983). The structure of human memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 17, pp. 1-38). New York: Academic Press. b. Brewer, W. F. (1992). Phenomenal experience in laboratory and autobiographical memory tasks. In M. A. Conway, D. C. Rubin, H. Spinnler, & W. Wagenaar (Eds.), Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory (pp. 31-51). Kluwer Academic Publishers. c. Brewer, W. F. (thinking about) What is reconstructive recall? 2. Experiments a. Brewer, W. F. (1982). Personal memory, generic memory, and skill: A re- analysis of the episodic-semantic distinction. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 112-113. b. Birch, S., & Brewer, W. F. (1995). The fate of originally presented surface information following recall errors in sentence memory tasks. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 7, 145-167. c. Brewer, W. F., & Pani, J. R. (1996). Reports of mental imagery in retrieval from long-term memory. Consciousness and Cognition, 5, 265-287. d. Brewer, W. F., & Schommer, M. (in preparation). Imagery reports in scientists and nonscientists in a autobiographical memory task: Galton's Breakfast Questionnaire revisited. e. Brewer, W. F., & Lockhart, D. W. (in preparation). The role of phenomenal experience in laboratory recognition memory tasks. f. Brewer, W. F. (in progress). Phenomenal experience during the reconstructive recall of coins. B. Autobiographical Memory 1. Theory a. Brewer, W. F. (1986). What is autobiographical memory? In D. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory (pp. 25-49). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. b. Brewer, W. F. (1992). The theoretical and empirical status of the flashbulb memory hypothesis. In E. Winograd, & U. Neisser (Eds.), Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of "flashbulb" memories (pp. 274-305). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. c. Brewer, W. F. (1994). Autobiographical memory and survey research. In N. Schwarz & S. Sudman (Eds.), Autobiographical memory and the validity of retrospective reports. (pp. 11-20). New York: Springer-Verlag. d. Brewer, W. F. (1997). Children's eyewitness memory research: Implications from schema memory and autobiographical memory research. In N. L. Stein, P. A. Ornstein, B. Tversky, & C. Brainerd (Eds.), Memory for everyday and emotional events (pp. 453-466). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. e. Brewer, W. F. (1996). What is recollective memory? In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 19-66). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2. Experiments a. Brewer, W. F. (1988). Qualitative analysis of the recalls of randomly sampled autobiographical events. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues (Vol. 1, pp. 263-268). Chichester: Wiley. b. Brewer, W. F. (1988). Memory for randomly sampled autobiographical events. In U. Neisser & E. Winograd (Ed.), Remembering reconsidered: Ecological and traditional approaches to the study of memory (pp. 21-90). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. C. Amnesia 1. Theory a. Brewer, W. F. (in preparation). Amnesia and the structure of human memory.
IV. KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION
A. General 1. Theory a. Vosniadou, S., & Brewer, W. F. (1987). Theories of knowledge restructuring in development. Review of Educational Research, 57, 51-67. b. Brewer, W. F. (1989). The activation and acquisition of knowledge. In S. Vosniadou & A. Ortony (Eds.), Similarity and analogical reasoning (pp. 532- 545). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. c. Brewer, W. F., & Samarapungavan, A. (1991). Children's theories vs. scientific theories: Differences in reasoning or differences in knowledge?. In R. R. Hoffman & D. S. Palermo (Eds.), Cognition and the symbolic processes: Applied and ecological perspectives (pp. 209-232). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. d. Chinn, C. A., & Brewer, W. F. (in press). Theories of knowledge acquisition. In B. J. Fraser, & K. Tobin (Eds.), International Handbook of Science Education, Dordrecht, Holland: Kluwer. e. Chinn, C., & Brewer, W. F. (in preparation). A framework for knowledge acquisition. 2. Experiments a. Brewer, W. F., & Dupree, D. A. (in preparation). Schema acquisition: Episodic and generic memory for places. B. Explanation-Based Learning (EBL) 1. Theory a. Ahn, W-K., & Brewer, W. F. (1993). Psychological studies of explanation- based learning. In G. DeJong (Ed.). Investigating explanation-based learning (pp. 295-316). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2. Experiments a. Ahn, W-K., Mooney, R. J., Brewer, W. F., & DeJong, G. F. (1987). Schema acquisition from one example: Psychological evidence for explanation-based learning. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 50-57. b. Ahn, W.-K., & Brewer, W. F. (1988). Similarity-based and explanation-based learning of explanatory and nonexplanatory information. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 524-530. c. Ahn, W-k., Brewer, W. F., & Mooney, R. J. (1992). Schema acquisition from a single example. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 391-412. C. Observational Astronomy 1. Experiments a. Vosniadou, S., & Brewer, W. F. (1992). Mental models of the earth: A study of conceptual change in childhood. Cognitive Psychology, 24, 535-585. b. Vosniadou, S., & Brewer, W. F. (1993). Constraints on knowledge acquisition: Evidence from children's models of the earth and the day/night cycle. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference c. Vosniadou, S., & Brewer, W. F. (1994). Mental models of the day/night cycle. Cognitive Science, 18, 123-183. d. Brewer, W. F.. (in preparation). Models of observational astronomy in adults. e. Vosniadou, S., & Brewer, W. F. (in preparation). Children's models of observational astronomy. D. Naive Models a. Brewer, W. F., & Chinn, C. A. (in preparation). Domain specificity and domain generality in children's naive models of the world. D. Cross-Cultural 1. Experiment a. Vosniadou, S., & Brewer, W. F. (1990). A cross-cultural investigation of children's conceptions about the earth, the sun, and the moon: Greek and American data. In H. Mandl, E. DeCorte, N. Bennett, & H. F. Friedrich (Eds.), Learning and instruction: European research in an international context (605- 629). Oxford: Pergamon. b. Samarapungavan, A., Vosniadou, S., & Brewer, W. F. (1996). Mental models of the earth, sun, and moon: Indian children's cosmologies. Cognitive Development, 11, 491-521. c. Brewer, W. F.,.& Herdrich, D. J. (in preparation). A cross-cultural study of the acquisition of knowledge in the domain of astronomy. E. Role of Anomalous Data 1. Theory a. Chinn, C. A., & Brewer, W. F. (1993). The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction. Review of Educational Research, 63, 1-49. b.Brewer, W. F., & Chinn, C. A. (in press). Scientists' responses to anomalous data: Evidence from psychology, history, and philosophy of science. PSA 1994, (Vol. 1), East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association. 2. Experiments a. Brewer, W. F., & Chinn, C. A. (1991). Entrenched beliefs, inconsistent information, and knowledge change. In L. Birnbaum (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1991 International Conference on the Learning Sciences (67-73). Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education. b. Chinn, C. A., & Brewer, W. F. (1992). Psychological responses to anomalous data. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 165-170). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. c. Chinn, C. A., & Brewer, W. F. (1993). Factors that influence how people respond to anomalous data. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 318-323). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. d.Chinn, C. A. & Brewer, W. F. (submitted). Mental models of data: A theory of how people evaluate data. e. Chinn, C. A. & Brewer, W. F. (submitted). An empirical test of a taxonomy of responses to anomalous data. d. Chinn, C.A., & Brewer, W. F. (in preparation). Empirical studies of belief change.
V. PSYCHOLOGY OF SCIENCE
1. Theory a. Brewer, W. F., & Lambert, B. L. (1993). The theory ladenness of observation: Evidence from cognitive psychology. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 254-259). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. b. Brewer, W. F., & Chinn, C. A. (1994). Scientists' responses to anomalous data: Evidence from psychology, history, and philosophy of science. PSA 1994, (Vol. 1) (pp. 304-313), East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association. c. Chinn, C. A., & Brewer, W. F. (1996). Mental models in data interpretation. Philosophy of Science, 63, S221-S219. d. Brewer, W. F., & Mishra, P. Psychology of science. (submitted). In. W. Bechtel & G. Graham (Eds.). A companion to cognitive science. Oxford: Blackwell. e. Brewer, W. F. Samarapungavan, A., & Chinn, C. (in preparation) The nature and development of explanation,Minds and Machines. f. Brewer, W. F. (in preparation) Rationality in children. In K. Rosengren, C. Johnson, & P. Harris Imagining the impossibvle: The development of magical, scientific, and religious thinking in contemporary society. g. Brewer, W. F. & Lambert, B. (in preparation). The theory-laden nature of observation: Experimental evidence. 2. Experiment a. Brewer, W. F., & Chinn, C. A. (in press). The theory-ladenness of data: An experimental demonstration. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society . Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. b. Vicente, K. J., & Brewer, W. F. (1993). Reconstructive remembering of the scientific literature. Cognition, 46, 101-128. c. Brewer, W. F., & Vicente, K. (in preparation). Reconstructive recall of scientific text.